In France, people who don’t speak perfect French are often shunned - maybe not too openly, but still quite evidently looked down upon. As a result, French people often feel incomfortable using a language they do not master.

I have seen no such thing in Africa : to most people African I met there and in France, a language is just a tool. Of course, there is sentimental attachment to the mother tongue, but apart from that, utilitarianism rules : if you know just five words - just use them and work your way from there !

And what you call multilingual.

For me, being multilingual is being able to understand and be understood in current situations, without too much help of the hands or drawing (because here we refer to internet…), being able to read a reasonnably simple “fucking manual” and understand it.

For the reference you took, as you were speaking of adapting the internet and software to a multilingual environment, I considered the languages used there. That excludes a lot of them, and for example, for the lagnuages spoken in Malawi, I’m quite sure that there are very few sites in Chitumbuka or Chisena.

Actually, for a language to be used on the internet and/or in a software, it has to be a written language (and if possible with an iso charset, that helos…) and multilingual means also being litterate in both languages.

Which reduces drastically the number of multilingual people because of immigration, for example. Often the first generation has difficulties in writing / reading the new language, even when speaking it correctly, and the third one has forgotten it.

San Francisco and NY are not the US. And even if that’s true there are some places where a lot of people speak and read another language than english (and that’s the reason why there is a hispanic google), they might be not that fluent in english.

True multilingual countries (which means with litteracy in several languages) are really seldom, India is one of them, Luxembourg another one. For most of the African countries, the multilingualism is actually a split of fields, some fields resort to a language, like private life and family life, usually african language, and another field, business or science, resorts to french, english or portuguese.

In South America, that”s more or less the same, children are mutlilingual, but taught to read and write only in one language.

If you consider the other large countries in the world, Brazil is not multilingual with litteracy, China is a special case, of coexistence of several languages written the same way, but most of the multilingualism is reserved to the different versions of Chinese…. In Europe, there was a study estimating the number of people able to speak in two or more languages up to 20% of the population maximum.

But as you say, the main question is “where do you put the bar” ?

For example in Malawi, children learn English and Chichewa from the first class onwards. Their mother tongue being Chitumbuka or Chisena or Chilomwe. At secondary school level, nearly all subjects are taught in English.